ヨーク地方のソースを表示

[[e:Yorkshire]](oldid=680711217)より転記

{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{infobox historic subdivision
   |Name=              Yorkshire
   |HQ=
   |Government=
   |Origin=            [[Jórvík|Kingdom of Jórvík]]
   |Status=
   |Start=             [[Ancient counties of England|In antiquity]]
   |End=
   |Code=              YKS
   |CodeName=          [[Chapman code]]
   |Replace=           [[History of local government in Yorkshire|Various]]
   |Motto=
   |Divisions=         [[Riding (division)|Riding]]s
   |DivisionsMap=         [[File:Yorkshire Ridings.png|160px|Ridings of Yorkshire]]
   |DivisionsNames=       [[North Riding of Yorkshire|1 North]] • [[West Riding of Yorkshire|2 West]] • [[East Riding of Yorkshire|3 East]]
   |Image=                 [[File:FlagOfYorkshire.svg|220px|Flag of Yorkshire]]<br /><small>[[Flags and symbols of Yorkshire|Flag of Yorkshire]]</small>
   |Map=                   [[File:Yorkshire UK 1851 locator map.svg|160px|Yorkshire in England]]<br />''Yorkshire within England, showing [[Historic counties of England|ancient extent]]''
   |Arms=
   |Civic=
   |PopulationFirst=       1,371,359<ref name=york_pop>{{cite web| url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/yorkshire.pdf| title=200 years of the Census in Yorkshire|year=2001|work=National Statistics|format=PDF |accessdate=15 July 2008}} Note that the area of Yorkshire increases slightly from {{convert|3669510|acre|km2|0}} in 1831 to {{convert|3883979|acre|km2|0}} in 1901 and then reduces to {{convert|2941247|acre|km2|0}} in 1991, so that these three figures relate to different areas.</ref>
   |PopulationFirstYear=   1831
   |AreaFirst=             {{convert|3669510|acre|km2|0}}<ref name=york_pop/>
   |AreaFirstYear=         1831
   |DensityFirst=          0.37/acre
   |DensityFirstYear=      1831
   |PopulationSecond=      3,512,838<ref name=york_pop/>
   |PopulationSecondYear=  1901
   |AreaSecond=            {{convert|3883979|acre|km2|0}}<ref name=york_pop/>
   |AreaSecondYear=        1901
   |DensitySecond=         0.9/acre
   |DensitySecondYear=     1901
   |PopulationThird=        3,978,484<ref name=york_pop/>
   |PopulationThirdYear=    1991
   |AreaThird=              {{convert|2941247|acre|km2|0}}<ref name=york_pop/>
   |AreaThirdYear=          1991
   |DensityThird=           1.35/acre
   |DensityThirdYear=       1991
   |PopulationLast=        5,288,200<ref>{{United Kingdom district population citation}}</ref>
   |PopulationLastYear=    2011
   |AreaLast=
   |AreaLastYear=
   |DensityLast=
   |DensityLastYear=
}}

<!--THE GRAMMAR OF THIS OPENING PARAGRAPH HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT OF DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE, particularly the use of the 'a historical' or 'an historical'. Please attempt to obtain a consensus on the talk page before making changes like this that might be debated.-->
'''Yorkshire''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|ɔ(r)|k|ʃ|ər}} or {{IPAc-en||ˈ|j|ɔɹ|k|ʃ|ɪəɹ}}) is a [[Historic counties of England|historic county]] of [[Northern England]] and the largest in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>G. Gibbons, ''Yorkshire: Britain's Largest County'' (London: Geographica Ltd., 1969).</ref> Due to its great size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been undertaken over time by its subdivisions, which have also been subject to [[History of local government in Yorkshire|periodic reform]]. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographical territory and [[cultural region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshireridings.org/news/the-yorkshire-ridings.html|title=Yorkshire Ridings Society|accessdate=3 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="special">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5234444.stm| publisher=BBC|title=What's so special about Yorkshire?| date=1 August 2006| first=Liam| last=Allen| accessdate=15 July 2008}}</ref> The name is familiar and well understood across the United Kingdom and is in common use in the media and the [[Yorkshire Regiment|military]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/5050496.stm| publisher=BBC|title=New Yorkshire Regiment is formed|accessdate=8 October 2008 | date=6 June 2006}}</ref> and also features in the titles of current areas of civil administration such as  [[North Yorkshire]], [[South Yorkshire]], [[West Yorkshire]] and [[East Riding of Yorkshire]].

Within the borders of the historic county of Yorkshire are areas which are widely considered to be among the greenest in England, due to the vast stretches of unspoiled countryside in the [[Yorkshire Dales]] and [[North York Moors]] and to the open aspect of some of the major cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/oct/20/communities?gusrc=rss&feed=networkfront |publisher=''[[Guardian Unlimited]]''|title=And the winner of the award for the greenest city in Britain is&nbsp;... Bradford|date=20 October 2007|accessdate=24 October 2007 | location=London | first1=Alison | last1=Benjamin | first2=Martin | last2=Wainwright}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshire-forward.com/www/view.asp?content_id=2934&parent_id=263|publisher=''[[Yorkshire Forward]]''|title=Green space conference comes to UK's 'greenest city'|date=23 March 2006|accessdate=24 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061118034333/http://www.yorkshire-forward.com/www/view.asp?content_id=2934&parent_id=263 |archivedate = 18 November 2006}}</ref> Yorkshire has sometimes been nicknamed [[God's Own Country#Yorkshire|"God's Own County" or "God's Own Country"]].<ref name="special"/><ref name="gods">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2006/jun/02/travelnews.shortbreaks.unitedkingdom|publisher=''[[Guardian Unlimited]]''|title=God's own Country|date=2 June 2006|accessdate=24 October 2007 | location=London}}</ref> 

The emblem of Yorkshire is the [[White Rose of York|White Rose]] of the English royal [[House of York]], and the most commonly used flag representative of Yorkshire is the White Rose on a blue background,<ref name="flag">{{cite news|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-en-ys.html|publisher=CRWFlags.nom|title=Yorkshire (United Kingdom)|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> which after nearly fifty years of use, was recognised by the [[Flag Institute]] on 29 July 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/jul/29/britishidentity |title=Proud Yorkshire can finally fly white rose flag without charge |first=Martin |last=Wainwright |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=29 July 2008 |accessdate=29 July 2008 | location=London}}</ref> [[Yorkshire Day]], held on 1 August, is a celebration of the general [[culture of Yorkshire]], ranging from its [[History of Yorkshire|history]] to its own [[Yorkshire dialect and accent|dialect]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.army.mod.uk/yorkshire_regiment/regiment/history/battle_honours/yorkshire_day.htm |publisher=Army.mod.uk|title=Yorkshire Day|date=18 February 2008|accessdate=3 October 2008}}</ref>

Yorkshire is now divided between different official [[Regions of England|regions]].  Most of the county falls within [[Yorkshire and the Humber]].  The extreme northern part of the county falls within [[North East England]].  Small areas in the west of the historic county now form part of [[North West England]], following boundary changes in 1974.

==Toponymy==
The county of Yorkshire was so named as it is the [[Shire]] (administrative area or county) of the City of [[York]] {{IPAc-en|local|audio=en-uk-York.ogg|ˈ|j|ɔː|k}} or York's Shire. "York" comes from the Viking name for the city, [[Jórvík]]. "[[Shire]]" is from [[Old English]], scir meaning care or official charge.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harper|first=Douglas|title=Shire|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=shire|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=27 April 2014}}</ref> The "shire" suffix is locally  pronounced {{IPA|/-ʃə/}} "shuh", or occasionally {{IPA|/-ʃiə/}}, a homophone of "sheer".<ref>{{cite book|last=Mills|first=A.D.|title=Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-852758-9}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Yorkshire}}

===Celtic tribes===
Early inhabitants of Yorkshire were [[Celts]], who formed two separate tribes, the [[Brigantes]] and the [[Parisi (Yorkshire)|Parisi]]. The Brigantes controlled territory which later became all of the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]] and the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]]. The tribe controlled most of [[Northern England]] and more territory than any other Celtic tribe in England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roman-britain.org/tribes/tribes.htm|publisher=Roman-Britain.org|title=The Celtic Tribes of Britain|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref>  That they had the Yorkshire area as their heartland is evident in that ''[[Isurium Brigantum]]'' (now known as [[Aldborough, North Yorkshire|Aldborough]]) was the capital town of their ''[[civitas]]'' under Roman rule. Six of the nine Brigantian ''[[Polis|poleis]]'' described by [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemaeus]] in the ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'' fall within the historic county.<ref name="brigantes">{{cite web |url=http://www.roman-britain.org/tribes/brigantes.htm|publisher=Roman-Britain.org|title=The Brigantes|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="ptolemy">[[Ptolemy]], ''[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/1*.html 2.1], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/2*.html 2.2]</ref> The Parisi, who controlled the area that would become the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]], might have been related to the [[Parisii (Gaul)|Parisii]] of ''[[Lutetia|Lutetia Parisiorum]]'', [[Gaul]] (known today as [[Paris]], [[France]]).<ref name="parisii">{{cite web |url=http://www.roman-britain.org/tribes/parisi.htm|publisher=Roman-Britain.org |title=The Parisii|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> Their capital was at [[Petuaria]], close to the Humber estuary. Although the [[Roman conquest of Britain]] began in 43&nbsp;AD, the Brigantes remained in control of their kingdom as a [[client state]] of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] for an extended period, reigned over by the Brigantian monarchs [[Cartimandua]] and her husband [[Venutius]]. Initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes, who were known as the most [[Military|militant]] tribe in Britain.<ref name="rib">{{cite web |url=http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/his_brigantian_uprising.htm|publisher=Romans-In-Britain.org.uk|title=Romans In Britain|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref>

===Roman Yorkshire===
[[File:Constantine York Minster.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of [[Constantine I]] outside [[York]] [[York Minster|Minster]].]]
Queen Cartimandua left her husband [[Venutius]] for his armour bearer, [[Vellocatus]], setting off a chain of events which changed control of the Yorkshire area. Cartimandua, due to her good relationship with the Romans, was able to keep control of the kingdom; however her former husband staged [[rebellion]]s against her and her Roman allies.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.arch.wyjs.org.uk/AdvSrv/indexRoman.asp?pg=Romanweb/Cartimandua.htm| publisher=West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service| title=Cartimandua| year=2007| accessdate=3 October 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071009031721/http://www.arch.wyjs.org.uk/AdvSrv/indexRoman.asp?pg=Romanweb/Cartimandua.htm |archivedate = 9 October 2007}}</ref> At the second attempt, Venutius seized the kingdom, but the Romans, under general [[Quintus Petillius Cerialis|Petillius Cerialis]], conquered the Brigantes in 71&nbsp;AD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shadowdrake.com/brigit5.html| publisher=House Shadow Drake| title=The Brigantes| accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref>

The [[York city walls|fortified]] city of [[Eboracum]] (now known as [[York]]) was named as capital of ''[[Britannia Inferior]]'' and joint-capital of all [[Roman Britain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm| publisher=VanderBilt.edu| title=Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)| accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> During the two years before the death of Emperor [[Septimius Severus]], the [[Roman Empire]] was run from Eboracum by him.<ref name="romanfest">{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkromanfestival.com/history.htm| publisher=York Roman Festival| title=Roman York - a brief introduction to York's Roman History| accessdate=25 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071008234045/http://www.yorkromanfestival.com/history.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 8 October 2007}}</ref>

Another emperor, [[Constantius Chlorus]], died in Yorkshire during a visit in 306&nbsp;AD. This saw his son [[Constantine the Great]] proclaimed emperor in the city, who would become renowned due to his contributions to [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.britainexpress.com/cities/york/roman.htm| publisher=Britain Express| title=Roman York| accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> In the early 5th century, the [[End of Roman rule in Britain|Roman rule ceased]] with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops. By this stage, the Empire was in heavy decline.<ref name="romanfest" />

===Second Celtic period and Angles===
After the Romans left, small Celtic kingdoms arose in Yorkshire; the [[Ebrauc|Kingdom of Ebrauc]] around [[York]] and more notably the [[Elmet|Kingdom of Elmet]] in [[West Yorkshire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainEbrauc.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Ebrauc|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Elmet|accessdate=25 October 2007 }}</ref> Elmet remained independent from the Northumbrian [[Angles]] until some time in the early 7th century, when King [[Edwin of Northumbria|Edwin]] of [[Kingdom of Northumbria|Northumbria]] expelled its last king, Certic, and annexed the region. At its greatest extent, Northumbria stretched from the [[Irish Sea]] to the [[North Sea]] and from [[Edinburgh]] down to [[Hallamshire]] in South Yorkshire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/anglosaxons/invasion/invind3.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=The Anglo-Saxons|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref>

===Kingdom of Jórvík===
{{Main|Jórvík|l1=Kingdom of Jórvík}}
[[File:EricBloodaxeCoin.png|thumb|right|Coin from Eric Bloodaxe's reign]]
An army of [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danish]] [[Viking]]s, the [[Great Heathen Army]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jorvik-viking-centre.co.uk/vikings4.htm|publisher=Jorvik-Viking-Centre.co.uk|title=What Happened to Them?|accessdate=25 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071012204846/http://www.jorvik-viking-centre.co.uk/vikings4.htm |archivedate = 12 October 2007}}</ref> as its enemies often referred to it, invaded Northumbrian territory in 866&nbsp;AD.  The Danes conquered and assumed what is now York and renamed it [[Jórvík]], making it the capital city of a new Danish kingdom under the same name. The area which this kingdom covered included most of Southern Northumbria, roughly equivalent to the borders of Yorkshire extending further West.<ref name="jorvikking">{{cite web|url=http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/kingdom_of_york_m.html|publisher=Viking.no|title=The Viking Kingdom of York|date=15 April 2000|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref>

The Danes went on to conquer an even larger area of England which afterwards became known as the [[Danelaw]]; but whereas most of the Danelaw was still English land, albeit in submission to Viking overlords, it was in the [[Jórvík|Kingdom of Jórvík]] that the only truly Viking territory on mainland Britain was ever established. The Kingdom prospered, taking advantage of the vast trading network of the Viking nations, and established commercial ties with the [[British Isles]], [[North-West Europe]], the [[Mediterranean]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist4.html|publisher=Britannia.com|title=Narrative History of York: Viking Times|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref>

Founded by the Dane [[Halfdan Ragnarsson]] in 875,<ref name="vikingnorth">{{cite web |url=http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/VikingNorthumbria.htm|publisher=NorthEastEngland.net|title= Part Two - Jorvik and the Viking Age (866&nbsp;AD – 1066&nbsp;AD)|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> ruled for the great part by Danish kings, and populated by the families and subsequent descendants of Danish Vikings, the leadership of the kingdom nonetheless passed into [[Norway|Norwegian]] hands during its twilight years.<ref name="vikingnorth" /> [[Eric Bloodaxe]], an ex-king of Norway who was the last independent Viking king of Jórvík, is a particularly noted figure in history,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Eric Bloodaxe|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> and his bloodthirsty approach towards leadership may have been at least partly responsible for convincing the Danish inhabitants of the region to accept English sovereignty so readily in the years that followed.

After around 100 years of its volatile existence, the Kingdom of Jorvik finally came to an end. The [[Kingdom of Wessex]] was now in its ascendant and established its dominance over the North in general, placing Yorkshire again within [[Northumbria]], which retained a certain amount of autonomy as an almost-independent [[earl]]dom rather than a separate kingdom. The Wessex [[Kings of England]] were reputed to have respected the Norse customs in Yorkshire and left law-making in the hands of the local aristocracy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist5.html|publisher=Britannia.com|title=Narrative History of York: Late Saxon Times|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref>

===Norman conquest===
[[File:YorkMinsterWest.jpg|thumb|140px|York Minster, western elevation]]
In the weeks immediately leading up to the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066&nbsp;AD, [[Harold Godwinson|Harold II of England]] was distracted by events in Yorkshire.  His brother [[Tostig Godwinson|Tostig]] and [[Harold Hardrada]], [[King of Norway]], attempted a takeover in the north, having won the [[Battle of Fulford]]. The King of England marched North where the two armies met at the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]]. Tostig and Hardrada were both killed and their army was defeated decisively. However, Harold Godwinson was forced immediately to march his army back down to the South where [[William the Conqueror]] was landing. The King was defeated at Hastings, which led to the [[Norman conquest of England]].

The people of the North rebelled against the Normans in September 1069&nbsp;AD, enlisting [[Sweyn II of Denmark]]. They tried to take back York, but the Normans burnt it before they could.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allabout1066.net/north_east_1069.htm| publisher=The Norman Conquest School Site| title=Resistance in the North East - 1069| accessdate=3 October 2008}}</ref> What followed was the [[Harrying of the North]] ordered by William. From York to [[Durham, England|Durham]], crops, domestic animals, and farming tools were [[Scorched earth|scorched]]. Many villages between the towns were burnt and local northerners were indiscriminately murdered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allabout1066.net/harrying.htm| publisher=The Norman Conquest School Site| title=Harrying of the North| accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> During the winter that followed, families starved to death and thousands of peasants died of cold and hunger. [[Orderic Vitalis]] put the estimation at "more than 100,000" people from the North died from hunger.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allabout1066.net/orderics_reaction.htm|publisher=The Norman Conquest School Site|title=Orderic's reaction|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref>

In the centuries following, many [[abbey]]s and [[priory|priories]] were built in Yorkshire. Norman landowners were keen to increase their revenues and established new towns such as [[Barnsley]], [[Doncaster]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Leeds]],  [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]], [[Sheffield]], and others. Of towns founded before the conquest, only [[Bridlington]], [[Pocklington]], and [[York]] continued at a prominent level.<ref name="rulocal">{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/yorkshire.html| publisher=LocalHistories.org| title=Yorkshire| accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> The population of Yorkshire boomed until hit by the [[Great Famine of 1315–1317|Great Famine]] in the years between 1315 and 1322.<ref name="rulocal" />

In the early 12th century, people of Yorkshire had to contend with the [[Battle of the Standard]] at [[Northallerton]] with the [[Scottish people|Scots]]. Representing the [[Kingdom of England]] led by [[Thurstan|Archbishop Thurstan of York]], soldiers from Yorkshire defeated the more numerous Scots.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britainexpress.com/History/battles/standard.htm| publisher=Britain Express| title=The Battle of the Standard| accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref>

The [[Black Death]] reached Yorkshire by 1349, killing around a third of the population.<ref name="rulocal" />

===Wars of the Roses===
{{Further|House of York|Wars of the Roses}}
[[File:King Richard III from NPG.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Yorkist king [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] grew up at [[Middleham Castle|Middleham]].<ref name="middleham">{{cite web |url=http://www.richard111.com/middleham_castle.htm|publisher=RichardIII.com|title=Middleham Castle|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref>]]

When King [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] was overthrown in 1399, antagonism between the [[House of York]] and the [[House of Lancaster]], both branches of the royal [[House of Plantagenet]], began to emerge. Eventually the two houses fought for the throne of England in a series of [[civil war]]s, commonly known as the [[Wars of the Roses]]. Some of the battles took place in Yorkshire, such as those at [[Battle of Wakefield|Wakefield]] and [[Battle of Towton|Towton]], the latter of which is known as the bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil.<ref>{{cite book| last = Gravett | first = Christopher | authorlink =Christopher Gravett| title =Towton 1461: England's Bloodiest Battle| publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]] | url =http://books.google.com/?id=-UlMBQYccEMC&dq=towton+bloodiest&printsec=frontcover | isbn = 978-0-415-09378-1| year = 1999}}</ref>
[[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the last Yorkist king.

[[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]], sympathiser to the House of Lancaster, defeated and killed Richard at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]]. He then became King [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] and married [[Elizabeth of York]], daughter of Yorkist [[Edward IV]], ending the wars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metamedia.stanford.edu/projects/MichaelShanks/1877|publisher=Stanford.edu|title=Yorkists|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> The two roses of white and red, emblems of the Houses of York and Lancaster respectively, were combined to form the [[Tudor Rose]] of England.{{ref label|wars|a|a}}<ref>{{cite book| last =Hey | first = David  | title =History of Yorkshire: County of the Broad Acres|publisher=Carnegie Publishing| url =http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1859361226 | isbn = 1-85936-122-6| year =2005}}</ref> This rivalry between the royal houses of York and Lancaster has passed into popular culture as a rivalry between the counties of Yorkshire and [[Lancashire]], particularly in sport (for example the [[Roses Match]] played in [[County Cricket]]), although the House of Lancaster was based in York and the House of York in London. In football, matches between [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] and [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]] are usually described as [[Leeds United A.F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry|"War of the Roses" games]], the teams' home kits being the colour of the respective rose.

===Saints, Civil War and textile industry===
The [[Wool|wool textile industry]] which had previously been a cottage industry centred on the old market towns moved to the [[West Riding of Yorkshire|West Riding]] where entrepreneurs were building mills that took advantage of water power gained by harnessing the rivers and streams flowing from the [[Pennines]]. The developing [[textile industry]] helped [[Wakefield]] and [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]] grow.<ref name="woolindustry">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog13a.shtml|publisher=''[[BBC]]''|title=William Hirst - Leeds woollen industry pioneer|accessdate=25 November 2007}}</ref>

The [[English Reformation]] began under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in 1536 led to a popular uprising known as [[Pilgrimage of Grace]], started in Yorkshire as a protest. Some [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] in Yorkshire continued to practice their religion and those caught were executed during the reign of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]. One such person was a York woman named [[Margaret Clitherow]] who was later [[canonisation|canonised]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04059b.htm|publisher=''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]''|title=St. Margaret Clitherow|accessdate=25 November 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Battle of Marston Moor, 1644.png|thumb|left|[[Battle of Marston Moor]] in 1644]]
During the [[English Civil War]], which started in 1642, Yorkshire had divided loyalties; [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] famously shut the gates of the city on the king when he came to enter a few months before fighting began, while the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]] in particular was strongly [[Cavalier|royalist]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2005/07/20/coast05walks_stage8.shtml|publisher=''[[BBC]]''|title=Seeds of the English Civil War|accessdate=25 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Historic Cleveland - Timeline| url =http://www.historic-cleveland.co.uk/timeline/timelineIndex.php| publisher =Historic-Cleveland.co.uk |accessdate=25 November 2007}}</ref> York was the base for Royalists, and from there they captured [[Leeds]] and [[Wakefield]] only to have them recaptured a few months later. The royalists won the [[Battle of Adwalton Moor]] meaning they controlled Yorkshire (with the exception of Hull). From their base in Hull the Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") fought back, re-taking Yorkshire town by town, until they won the [[Battle of Marston Moor]] and with it control of all of the [[North of England]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1644-york-march-marston-moor.htm|publisher=British-Civil-Wars.co.uk|title= The York March and Marston Moor|accessdate=25 November 2007}}</ref>

In the 16th and 17th centuries Leeds and other wool industry centred towns continued to grow, along with Huddersfield, Hull and Sheffield, while [[coal mining]] first came into prominence in the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.num.org.uk/?p=history&c=num|publisher=NUM.org.uk|title=History of the NUM: 1 - Towards A National Union|accessdate=25 November 2007}}</ref> Canals and [[Turnpike trust|turnpike]] roads were introduced in the late 18th century. In the following century the [[spa town]]s of [[Harrogate]] and [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] flourished, due to people believing [[mineral water]] had curative properties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.great-britain.co.uk/regions/yorkshire/harrogat.htm|publisher=Great-British.co.uk|title=Harrogate, Yorkshire Spa town|accessdate=25 November 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Saltaire from Leeds and Liverpool Canal.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Titus Salt]]'s mill in [[Saltaire]], [[Bradford]] is an [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].]]
[[File:Leeds Dark Arches June 2013-TJBlackwell.webm|thumb|These grandiose Victorian engineering tunnels were built in the 1800s to channel the River Aire underneath the modern-day structure of Leeds railway station.]]
The 19th century saw Yorkshire's continued growth, with the population growing and the [[Industrial Revolution]] continuing with prominent industries in [[coal]], [[textile]] and [[steel]] (especially in [[Sheffield]] and [[Rotherham]]). However, despite the booming industry, living conditions declined in the industrial towns due to overcrowding, this saw bouts of [[cholera]] in both 1832 and 1848.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thoresby.org.uk/history.htm|publisher=Thoresby.org.uk|title=The Historical Society for Leeds and District|accessdate=25 November 2007}}</ref> Fortunately for the county, advances were made by the end of the century with the introduction of modern [[Sanitary sewer|sewers]] and [[Water supply|water supplies]]. Several [[Yorkshire railways|Yorkshire railway]] networks were introduced as [[railway]]s spread across the country to reach remote areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrm.org.uk/|publisher=NRM.org.uk|title=National Railway Museum, York|accessdate=25 November 2007}}</ref> [[County council]]s were created for the three ridings in 1889, but their area of control did not include the large towns, which became [[county borough]]s, and included an increasing large part of the population.<ref>Hampton, W., ''Local Government and Urban Politics'', (1991)</ref>

During the [[Second World War]], Yorkshire became an important base for [[RAF Bomber Command]] and brought the county into the cutting edge of the war.<ref>{{cite book | first= Bruce Barrymore |last=Halpenny |authorlink=Bruce Barrymore Halpenny| title = Action Stations: Military Airfields of Yorkshire v. 4 | year = 1982 | publisher = PSL | isbn = 978-0-85059-532-1 }}</ref>

===Yorkshire today===
{{Main|History of local government in Yorkshire}}
In the 1970s there were major [[History of local government in Yorkshire|reforms of local government]] throughout the United Kingdom. Some of the changes were unpopular,<ref name = hmso/> and controversially Yorkshire and its ridings lost status in 1974<ref name="controversial">{{cite web |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/issue-briefs/domestic-policy/local-government/local-government-structure/local-government-structure-$366613.htm|publisher=Politics.co.uk |title= Local Government Structure|accessdate=25 November 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070211094339/http://www.politics.co.uk/issue-briefs/domestic-policy/local-government/local-government-structure/local-government-structure-$366613.htm |archivedate = 11 February 2007}}</ref> as part of the [[Local Government Act 1972]].<ref name="autogenerated1">Arnold-Baker, C., ''Local Government Act 1972'', (1973)</ref> The [[East Riding of Yorkshire|East Riding]] was resurrected with reduced boundaries in 1996 with the abolition of [[Humberside]]. With slightly different borders, the [[Government Office|government office]] entity which currently contains most of Yorkshire is the [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] [[Regions of England|region]] of England.<ref name=controversial/> This region includes a northern slice of [[Lincolnshire]], but does not include the northern part of the [[ceremonial county]] of North Yorkshire ([[Middlesbrough]] and [[Redcar and Cleveland]]), which is in the [[North East England]] region.  Other parts of the historic county of Yorkshire are also in other official regions. [[Saddleworth]] (now in [[Greater Manchester]]); the [[Forest of Bowland]] ([[Lancashire]]); [[Sedbergh]] and [[Dent, Cumbria|Dent]] ([[Cumbria]]) are in the [[North West England]] region, and Upper [[Teesdale]] ([[County Durham]]) is in North East England.<ref name=hmso>HMSO, ''Aspects of Britain: Local Government'', (1996)</ref>

==Geography==

===Physical and geological===
:''Main articles: [[Geology of Yorkshire]]  and [[List of places in Yorkshire]]''
[[File:Yorksgeology.jpg|thumb|left|Geology of Yorkshire]]
Historically, the northern boundary of Yorkshire was the [[River Tees]], the eastern boundary was the [[North Sea]] coast and the southern boundary was the [[Humber Estuary]] and [[River Don, South Yorkshire|Rivers Don]] and [[River Sheaf|Sheaf]]. The western boundary meandered along the western slopes of the [[Pennines|Pennine Hills]] to again meet the River Tees.<ref name="genukiorg">{{cite web |url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/|publisher=Genuki.org|title=Yorkshire Geology|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> It is bordered by several other historic counties in the form of [[County Durham]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[Nottinghamshire]], [[Derbyshire]], [[Cheshire]], [[Lancashire]] and [[Westmorland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jlcarr.info/maps/index.html|publisher=JLCarr.info|title=The historic counties of England|accessdate=24 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20050208092227/http://www.jlcarr.info/maps/index.html |archivedate = 8 February 2005}}</ref> In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between the major [[topographical]] areas and the geological period in which they were formed.<ref name="genukiorg" /> The Pennine chain of hills in the west is of [[Carboniferous]] origin. The central vale is [[Triassic|Permo-Triassic]]. The [[North York Moors]] in the north-east of the county are [[Jurassic]] in age while the [[Yorkshire Wolds]] to the south east are [[Cretaceous]] chalk uplands.<ref name="genukiorg" />

Yorkshire is [[Drainage|drained]] by several rivers. In western and central Yorkshire the many rivers empty their waters into the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] which reaches the North Sea via the [[Humber Estuary]].<ref name="rivers">{{cite book | year  = 1992 | title = Yorkshire Rivers: A Canoeists Guide  | publisher= Menasha Ridge Press | isbn = 978-1-871890-16-7 | author  = British Canoe Union, Yorkshire and Humberside Region, Access and Recreation Committees ; prepared by Mike Twiggs and David Taylor.}}</ref>  The most northerly of the rivers in the Ouse system is the [[River Swale]], which drains [[Swaledale]] before passing through [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]] and meandering across the [[Vale of Mowbray]]. Next, draining [[Wensleydale]], is the [[River Ure]], which the Swale joins east of [[Boroughbridge]]. Near [[Great Ouseburn]] the Ure is joined by the small Ouse Gill Beck, and below the confluence the river is known as the Ouse. The [[River Nidd]] rises on the edge of the [[Yorkshire Dales National Park]] and flows along [[Nidderdale]] before reaching the [[Vale of York]] and the Ouse.<ref name="rivers" />  The [[River Wharfe]], which drains [[Wharfedale]], joins the Ouse upstream of [[Cawood]].<ref name="rivers" />  The Rivers [[River Aire|Aire]] and [[River Calder, West Yorkshire|Calder]] are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse and the most southerly Yorkshire tributary is the [[River Don, South Yorkshire|River Don]], which flows northwards to join the main river at [[Goole]].  Further north and east the [[River Derwent, Yorkshire|River Derwent]] rises on the North York Moors, flows south then westwards through the [[Vale of Pickering]] then turns south again to drain the eastern part of the Vale of York. It empties into the River Ouse at [[Barmby on the Marsh]].<ref name="rivers" />
[[File:Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg|thumb|right|The main rivers of Yorkshire]]

In the far north of the county the River Tees flows eastwards through [[Teesdale]] and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of [[Middlesbrough]]. The smaller [[River Esk, North Yorkshire|River Esk]] flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at [[Whitby]].<ref name="rivers" />   To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds the [[River Hull]] flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at Kingston upon Hull.

The western Pennines are served by the [[River Ribble]] which drains westwards into the [[Irish Sea]] close to [[Lytham St Annes]].<ref name="rivers" />

===Natural areas===
{{Main|Topographical areas of Yorkshire}}
[[File:Upper Nidderdale.JPG|thumb|left|[[Nidderdale]], [[Yorkshire Dales]]]]
The [[countryside]] of Yorkshire has acquired the common nickname of "God's Own County".<ref name="special"/><ref name="gods"/> In recent times, [[North Yorkshire]] has displaced [[Kent]] to take the title ''Garden of England'' according to ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/jun/01/ruralaffairs.travelnews|publisher=''[[Guardian Unlimited]]''|title=Kent loses its Garden of England title to North Yorkshire|accessdate=3 October 2008|date=1 June 2006 | location=London | first=Martin | last=Wainwright}}</ref> Yorkshire includes the [[North York Moors]] and [[Yorkshire Dales]] [[National parks of England and Wales|National Parks]], and part of  the [[Peak District]] National Park.  [[Nidderdale]] and the [[Howardian Hills]] are designated [[Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/DL/aonbs/ |title=Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty |accessdate=3 May 2008 |publisher=Natural England }}</ref>  [[Spurn|Spurn Point]], [[Flamborough Head]] and the coastal North York Moors are designated [[Heritage Coast]] areas,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/DL/heritage_coasts/index.asp |title=Heritage Coasts |accessdate=3 May 2008 |publisher=Natural England }}</ref> and are noted for their scenic views with rugged cliffs<ref name="cliffs">{{cite web |url=http://www.britaingallery.com/england_yorkshire_and_humberside.php|publisher=BritainGallery|title=Yorkshire and Humberside: the North East|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> such as the [[Jet (lignite)|jet]] cliffs at Whitby,<ref name="cliffs" /> the [[limestone]] cliffs at [[Filey]] and the [[chalk]] cliffs at Flamborough Head.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fileybay.com/fbi/walking.html|publisher=FileyBay.com|title=A Filey Walk|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britainexpress.com/countryside/coast/north-yorkshire.htm|publisher=Britain Express|title=North Yorkshire Heritage Coast|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> Moor House - Upper Teesdale, most of which is part of the former North Riding of Yorkshire, is one of England's largest [[national nature reserve (United Kingdom)|national nature reserve]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designatedareas/nnr/1007241.aspx|title=Moor House-Upper Teesdale NNR |publisher=Natural England|accessdate=16 July 2009}}</ref>

The [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] runs [[nature reserve]]s such as the one at [[Bempton Cliffs]] with coastal wildlife such as the [[northern gannet]], [[Atlantic puffin]] and [[razorbill]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/guide/b/bemptoncliffs/about.asp|publisher=RSPB.org.uk|title=About Bempton Cliffs|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref>  Spurn Point is a narrow, {{convert|3|mi|km}} long sand [[spit (landform)|spit]]. It is a national nature reserve owned by the [[Yorkshire Wildlife Trust]] and is noted for its cyclical nature whereby the spit is destroyed and re-created approximately once every 250 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/ecolodge/25/spurn.htm|publisher=Spurn Point|title= A cyclic coastal landform|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> There are [[seaside resort]]s in Yorkshire with sandy beaches; [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] is Britain's oldest seaside resort dating back to the [[spa town]]-era in the 17th century,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/4791651.stm|publisher=BBC|title=In pictures: Scarborough|accessdate=24 October 2007|date=20 August 2006}}</ref> while [[Whitby]] has been voted as the United Kingdom's best beach, with a "postcard-perfect harbour".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/4755033.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Report rates the best UK beaches|accessdate=24 October 2007|date=9 May 2006}}</ref>

Historically, Yorkshire was divided into three ridings and the Ainsty of York. The term 'riding' is of Viking origin and derives from ''Threthingr'' meaning a third part. The three ridings in Yorkshire were named the East Riding, West Riding and North Riding.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/index.html |title=GENUKI: Yorkshire Genealogy |first=Colin |last=Hinson |work=genuki.org.uk |year=2011 |accessdate=29 June 2011}}</ref> The East and North Ridings of Yorkshire were separated by the River Derwent and the West and North Ridings were separated by the Ouse and the Ure/Nidd watershed. In 1974 the three ridings of Yorkshire were abolished and York which had been independent of the three ridings, was incorporated into the new county called North Yorkshire. It later became part of York Unitary Authority.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lgbce.org.uk/records-and-resources/database-of-local-government-orders/yorkshire-and-the-humber |title=LGBCE - Yorkshire and the Humber |first= |last= |work=lgbce.org.uk |year=2011 |accessdate=29 June 2011}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Cities and towns===

{{Largest cities of Yorkshire}}
{{Clear}}

==Economy==
{{Refimprove section|date=September 2009}}
[[File:Bridgewater Place from Call Lane.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|[[Bridgewater Place]], a symbol of Leeds' growing financial importance.]]
Yorkshire has a mixed economy. The [[City of Leeds]] is Yorkshire's largest city and is the main centre of trade and commerce.  [[Leeds]] is one of the UK's larger financial centres.  Leeds' traditional industries were mixed; service-based industries, textile manufacturing and [[coal mining]] being examples.

[[Sheffield]] once had heavy industries, such as coal mining and the [[steel industry]]. Since the decline of such industries Sheffield has attracted tertiary and administrative businesses including more retail trade; [[Meadowhall Centre|Meadowhall]] being an example. However, while Sheffield's heavy industry has declined, the region has reinvented itself as a centre for specialist engineering. A cluster of hi-tech facilities including [[The Welding Institute]] and the Boeing partnered [[Advanced Manufacturing Park|Advanced Materials Research Centre]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amrc.co.uk/faq/index.php#1|publisher=amrc.co.uk|title=Advanced Materials Research Centre|accessdate=10 November 2009}}</ref> have all helped to raise the region's profile and to bring significant investment into Yorkshire.{{citation needed|reason=Says who?|date=November 2014}}

[[Bradford]], [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], [[Keighley]] and [[Huddersfield]] once were centres of wool milling. Areas such as [[Bradford]], [[Dewsbury]] and Keighley have suffered a decline in their economy since.

[[North Yorkshire]] has an established tourist industry with two national parks ([[Yorkshire Dales National Park]], [[North York Moors National Park]]), [[Harrogate]], [[York]] and [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] and such an industry is growing in Leeds.  [[Kingston upon Hull]] is Yorkshire's largest port and has a large manufacturing base, its fishing industry has however declined somewhat in recent years.  [[Harrogate]] and [[Knaresborough]] both have small legal and financial sectors. Harrogate is a European conference and exhibition destination with both the Great Yorkshire Showground and [[Harrogate International Centre]] in the town.

Coal mining was prolific in the south of the county during the 19th century and for most of the 20th century, particularly around [[Barnsley]] and [[Wakefield]]. As late as the 1970s, the number of miners working in the area was still in six figures.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/sense_of_place/miners/miners_state_of_the_industry.shtml |title=BBC - Bradford and West Yorkshire - A Sense of Place - Coal mining in West Yorkshire: The end of an era |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref> The industry was placed under threat on 6 March 1984 when the [[National Coal Board]] announced the closure of 20 pits nationwide (some of them in South Yorkshire).   By March 2004, a mere three coalpits remained open in the area.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3514549.stm |title=BBC NEWS &#124; UK &#124; Watching the pits disappear  |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] |location=[[London, England|London]] |accessdate=16 November 2011 |date=5 March 2004}}</ref> Three years later, the only remaining coal pit in the region was Maltby Colliery near [[Rotherham]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6400421.stm |title=BBC NEWS &#124; England &#124; South Yorkshire &#124; Jobs safeguarded as coal pit sold  |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] |location=[[London, England|London]] |accessdate=16 November 2011 |date=27 February 2007}}</ref>

Many large British companies are based in Yorkshire or were founded there. These include; [[Morrisons]] (Bradford), [[Asda]] (Leeds), [[Jet2.com]] (Leeds), [[Ronseal]] (Sheffield), [[Optare]] (Leeds), [[Wharfedale (company)|Wharfedale]] (Leeds), [[Plaxton]] (Scarborough), [[Seven Seas (company)|Seven Seas]] (Hull), [[Little Chef]] (Sheffield), [[Halifax (United Kingdom bank)|Halifax Bank]] (Halifax), [[Rank Organisation]] (Hull), [[Yorkshire Bank]] (Leeds), [[Yorkshire Building Society]] (Bradford), [[Ebuyer]] (Howden), [[Good Hair Day|GHD]] (Leeds), [[Marks and Spencer]] (Leeds), [[Burton (clothing)|Burton]]s (Leeds), [[Jaeger]] Ilkley, [[Magnet Kitchens]] (Keighley), [[Reckitt and Sons]] (Hull), [[McCains]] (Scarborough), [[First Direct]] (Leeds), [[Tetley's Brewery]] (Leeds), [[Timothy Taylor Brewery]] (Keighley), [[Bradford and Bingley]] (Bingley), [[Skipton Building Society]] (Skipton), [[Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate]] and [[Provident Financial]] ([[Bradford]].)

==Transport==
[[File:A1(M) and M62 interchange.jpg|thumb|left|The A1(M) and M62 junction at [[Ferrybridge]], West Yorkshire]]
The most prominent road in Yorkshire, historically called the [[A1 road (Great Britain)|Great North Road]], is known as the A1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.org/motorway/a1nrccintro.htm|publisher=The Motorway Archive|title=Region: North East - Trunk Road A1 in the North Riding of Yorkshire|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> This trunk road passes through the centre of the county and is the prime route from [[London, England|London]] to Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbrd.co.uk/motorway/a1m/ |title=Motorway Database |accessdate=24 April 2008 |last= Marshall |first=Chris |first2=Clive |last2=Jones|last3= Chris "c2R"|first4= John |last4=Mohan |first5=George |last5=Carty |year=2008 |publisher=CBRD }}</ref> Another important road is the more easterly [[A19 road]] which starts in Doncaster and ends just north of [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]] at [[Seaton Burn]]. The [[M62 motorway]] crosses the county from east to west from Hull towards [[Greater Manchester]] and [[Merseyside]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/2786.aspx|publisher=Highways.gov.uk|title=M62 Liverpool to Hull|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> The [[M1 motorway|M1]] carries traffic from London and the south of England to Yorkshire. In 1999 about {{convert|8|mi|km}} was added to make it swing east of Leeds and connect to the A1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbrd.co.uk/motorway/m1/ |title=Motorway Database |accessdate=24 April 2008 |last=Marshall |first=Chris |year=2008 |publisher=CBRD }}</ref> The [[East Coast Main Line]] rail link between Scotland and London runs roughly parallel with the A1 through Yorkshire and the [[First TransPennine Express|Trans Pennine]] rail link runs east to west from Hull to Liverpool via Leeds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshire-forward.com/www/view.asp?content_id=1437&parent_id=1183|publisher=''[[Yorkshire Forward]]''|title=East Coast Mainline Upgrade Could Create 2000 New Jobs|accessdate=24 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061111004250/http://www.yorkshire-forward.com/www/view.asp?content_id=1437&parent_id=1183 |archivedate = 11 November 2006}}</ref>

Before the advent of rail transport, the seaports of Hull and Whitby played an important role in transporting goods. Historically canals were used, including the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]], which is the longest canal in England. Mainland Europe (the [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]]) can be reached from Hull via regular ferry services from [[P&O Ferries]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boozecruise.com/ferry_port/hull.asp|publisher=BoozeCruise.com|title=Hull Ferry Port Information|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> Yorkshire also has [[air transport]] services from [[Leeds Bradford International Airport]]. This airport has experienced significant and rapid growth in both terminal size and passenger facilities since 1996, when improvements began, until the present day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airports-worldwide.com/uk/uk_leeds.html|publisher=Airports-Worldwide.com|title=Leeds Bradford International Airport|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> South Yorkshire is served by the [[Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield]], based in [[Finningley]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.robinhoodairport.com/page_history_of_the_airport_5.html|publisher=RobinHoodAirport.com|title=History of the Airport|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref>  [[Sheffield City Airport]] opened in 1997 after years of Sheffield having no airport, due to a council decision in the 1960s not to develop one because of the city's good rail links with London and the development of airports in other nearby areas.  The newly opened airport never managed to compete with larger airports such as Leeds Bradford International Airport and [[East Midlands Airport]] and attracted only a few scheduled flights, while the runway was too short to support [[low cost carriers]].  The opening of [[Doncaster Sheffield Airport]], effectively made the airport redundant and it officially closed in April 2008.

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Yorkshire}}
{{See also|Yorkshire dialect and accent}}
The culture of the  people of Yorkshire  is an accumulated product of a number of different civilisations who have influenced its history, including; the [[Celts]] ([[Brigantes]] and [[Parisii (Yorkshire)|Parisii]]), [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Angles]], [[Norsemen|Norse]] [[Viking]]s, [[Normans]] and amongst others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/summary/117892308/SUMMARY?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|publisher=InterScience.wiley.com |title=Northern Britons by Christopher A. Snyder|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> The western  part of the historic [[North Riding of Yorkshire|North Riding]] had an additional infusion of [[Breton people|Breton]] culture due to the [[Honour of Richmond]] being occupied by [[Alain Le Roux]], grandson of [[Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://everything2.com/e2node/Earl%2520of%2520Richmond|publisher=Everything.com|title=Earl of Richmond|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> The people of Yorkshire are immensely proud of their county and local culture and it is sometimes suggested they identify more strongly with their county than they do with their country.<ref name="yne">{{cite web |url=http://www.conservatives.com/tile.do?def=news.story.page&obj_id=11797&speeches=1|publisher=Conservatives.com|title=He's a shrewd, straight-talking Yorkshireman – not English, mind you, Yorkshire|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070617065152/http://conservatives.com/tile.do?def=news.story.page&obj_id=11797&speeches=1 |archivedate=17 June 2007|accessdate=7 May 2015}}</ref> Yorkshire people have their own Yorkshire dialects and accents and are, or rather were, known as ''Tykes''. Though distinct accents remain, dialects are no longer in everyday use. Some have argued the dialect was a fully fledged [[language]] in its own right.<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Kellett
  | first =Arnold
  | title =The Yorkshire Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore
  | publisher =Smith Settle
  |date=January 1994
  | url =http://www.amazon.co.uk/Yorkshire-Dictionary-Dialect-Tradition-Folklore/dp/185825017X
  | isbn = 1-85825-016-1}}</ref>  The county has also produced a set of Yorkshire colloquialisms, which are in use in the county. Among Yorkshire's traditions is the [[Long Sword dance]]. The most famous traditional song of Yorkshire is ''[[On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at]]'' ("On [[Ilkley Moor]] without a hat"), it is considered the unofficial anthem of the county.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dksnakes.co.uk/national_anthem.htm|publisher=DKSnakes.co.uk|title=The National Anthem of Yorkshire 'God's own county'|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref>

===Architecture===
[[File:England1 144.jpg|thumb|right|[[Castle Howard]]]]
Throughout Yorkshire many [[castle]]s were built during the Norman-Breton period, particularly after the Harrying of the North. These included [[Bowes Castle]], [[Pickering Castle]], [[Richmond Castle]], [[Skipton Castle]], [[York Castle]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/yorkshire/castles/index.htm|title=Castles in Yorkshire|publisher=Britain Express|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> Later medieval castles at [[Helmsley Castle|Helmsley]], [[Middleham Castle|Middleham]] and [[Scarborough Castle|Scarborough]] were built as a means of defence against the invading [[Scottish people|Scots]].<ref name="EH">{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.4694|title=About Yorkshire|publisher=[[English Heritage]]|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> Middleham is notable because  [[Richard III of England]] spent his childhood there.<ref name="EH" /> The remains of these castles, some being [[English Heritage]] sites, are popular tourist destinations.<ref name="EH" />  There are several [[stately home]]s in Yorkshire which carry the name "castle" in their title, even though they are more akin to a [[palace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/yorkshire/Castle_Howard.htm|title=Castle Howard|publisher=Britain Express|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> The most notable examples are [[Allerton Castle]] and [[Castle Howard]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northernlifestyle.com/pdf/northside/nside_aug06.pdf|title=Northside, August 2006|publisher=NorthernLifestyle.com|accessdate=24 October 2007|format=PDF}}</ref> both linked to the [[Howard family]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Saumarez Smith | first =Charles | title =The Building of Castle Howard | publisher =University of Chicago Press | year = 1990  | url =http://books.google.com/?id=ZxoU2x-vHDkC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=howard+recusant+%22duke+of+norfolk%22  | isbn = 0-226-76403-6}}</ref> Castle Howard and the [[Earl of Harewood]]'s residence, [[Harewood House]], are included amongst the [[Treasure Houses of England]], a group of nine English stately homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treasurehouses.co.uk|title=Welcome to The Treasure Houses of England|publisher=TreasureHouses.co.uk|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref>

There are numerous other [[Grade I listed]] buildings within the historic county including public buildings such as [[Leeds Town Hall]], [[Sheffield Town Hall]], [[Ormesby Hall]], the [[Yorkshire Museum]] and [[Guildhall, York|Guildhall]] at York, and the [[Piece Hall]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepiecehall.co.uk/|title=The Piece Hall - Halifax|author=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref> in Halifax. Large estates with significant buildings were constructed at [[Brodsworth Hall]], [[Temple Newsam]] and [[Wentworth Castle]]. In addition to this there are properties which are conserved and managed by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], such as [[Nunnington Hall]], the [[Rievaulx Terrace & Temples]] and [[Studley Royal Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-yorkshire_ne.htm|title=Yorkshire & the North East|publisher=NationalTrust.org.uk|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref>  Religious architecture includes extant [[cathedral]]s as well as the ruins of [[monastery|monasteries]] and [[abbey]]s. Many of these prominent buildings suffered from the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]; these include [[Bolton Abbey]], [[Fountains Abbey]], [[Gisborough Priory]], [[Rievaulx Abbey]], [[St Mary's Abbey, York|St Mary's Abbey]] and [[Whitby Abbey]] among others.<ref name="churches">{{cite web|url=http://www.dalesman.co.uk/activities/minsters_abbeys.htm|title=Yorkshire Abbeys - Yorkshire Minsters - Yorkshire Cathedrals|publisher=Dalesman.co.uk|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> Notable religious buildings of historic origin still in use include [[York Minster]], the largest [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[cathedral]] in [[northern Europe]],<ref name="churches" /> [[Beverley Minster]], [[Bradford Cathedral]] and [[Ripon Cathedral]].<ref name="churches" />

===Literature and art===
[[File:Painting of Brontë sisters.png|180px|thumb|left|The Brontë sisters]]
When Yorkshire formed the southern part of the kingdom of [[Northumbria]]  there were several notable poets, scholars and ecclesiastics, including [[Alcuin]], [[Cædmon]] and [[Wilfrid]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whitby-yorkshire.co.uk/abbey/abbey.htm|publisher=Whitby-Abbey.co.uk|title=Whitby Abbey|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref>  The most esteemed literary family from the county are the three [[Brontë|Brontë sisters]], with part of the county around [[Haworth]] being nicknamed [[Brontë Country]] in their honour.<ref name="bronte">{{cite web |url=http://www.brontefamily.org/history.html|publisher=BronteFamily.org|title=Biography of Family|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> Their novels, written in the mid-19th century, caused a sensation when they were first published, yet were subsequently accepted into the canon of great English literature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lit/history.htm|publisher=UniversalTeacher.org.uk|title=A brief history of English literature|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> Among the most celebrated novels written by the sisters are [[Anne Brontë]]'s ''[[The Tenant of Wildfell Hall]]'', [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'' and [[Emily Brontë]]'s ''[[Wuthering Heights]]''.<ref name="bronte" />  ''Wuthering Heights'' was almost a source used to depict life in Yorkshire, illustrating the type of people that reside there in its characters, and emphasising the use of the stormy Yorkshire moors.  Nowadays, the parsonage which was their former home is now a museum in their honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digyorkshire.com/VenueListing.aspx?venue=5646|title=Bronte Parsonage events and listings |publisher=digyorkshire.com |accessdate=18 June 2009}}</ref> [[Bram Stoker]] authored ''[[Dracula]]'' while living in [[Whitby]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dracula-in-whitby.com/bram-stoker.html|publisher=Dracula-in-Whitby.com|title=Bram Stoker and Whitby|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> and it includes several elements of local folklore including the beaching of the Russian ship ''Dmitri'', which became the basis of Demeter in the book.<ref name="stoker">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/07/21/coast05walks_stagesix.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=Coast: Point 6 - Stoker|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref>

The novelist tradition in Yorkshire continued into the 20th century, with authors such as [[J. B. Priestley]], [[Alan Bennett]], Dame [[Margaret Drabble]], [[A S Byatt]], and [[Barbara Taylor Bradford]] being prominent examples.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jpriestley.htm|publisher=Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk|title=J. B. Priestley|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="writers">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/oct/13/books.britishidentity|publisher=''[[Guardian Unlimited]]''|title=The 50 greatest Yorkshire people?|accessdate=25 October 2007 | location=London | first=Martin | last=Wainwright | date=19 October 2005}}</ref> Taylor Bradford  is noted for ''[[A Woman of Substance]]'' which was one of the top-ten best selling novels in history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thebookshow.skyarts.co.uk/authors/5394/barbara_taylorbradford.html|publisher=The Book Show|title=Barbara Taylor-Bradford: The best-selling author on the latest in the Ravenscar saga|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> Another well-known author was [[children's writer]] [[Arthur Ransome]], who penned the ''[[Swallows and Amazons]]'' series.<ref name="writers" /> [[James Herriot]], the best selling author of over 60 million copies of books about his experiences of some 50 years as a veterinarian in [[Thirsk]], North Yorkshire, the town which he refers to as Darrowby in his books<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hello-yorkshire.co.uk/thirsk/tourist-information|publisher=Hello Yorkshire|title=Thirsk Tourist Information|accessdate=8 June 2009}}</ref> (although born in [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]]), has been admired for his easy reading style and interesting characters.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE4DF1238F937A15751C0A963958260 | work=The New York Times | title=James Herriot, 78, Writer, Dies; Animal Stories Charmed People | date=24 February 1995 | accessdate=6 April 2010 | first=Mary B. W. | last=Tabor}}</ref> Poets include [[Ted Hughes]], [[W. H. Auden]], [[William Empson]], [[Simon Armitage]] and [[Andrew Marvell]].<ref name="writers" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/marvell/marvbio.htm|publisher=Luminarium.org|title=The Life of Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theotherpages.org/poems/marvel05.html|publisher=TheOtherPages.org|title=Poets' Corner - Andrew Marvell - Selected Works IV|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.simonarmitage.com/biography.html|title=Simon Armitage Biography}}</ref>
Three well known [[sculptor]]s emerged in the 20th century; contemporaries [[Henry Moore]] and [[Barbara Hepworth]], and Leeds-raised eco artist [[Andy Goldsworthy]]. Some of their works are available for public viewing at the [[Yorkshire Sculpture Park]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haworth-village.org.uk/outandabout/yorkshire-sculpture/yorkshire-sculpture-park.asp|publisher=Haworth-Village.org.uk|title=Visiting Yorkshire Sculpture Park - Bretton Hall|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> There are several [[art gallery|art galleries]] in Yorkshire featuring extensive collections, such as [[Ferens Art Gallery]], [[Leeds Art Gallery]], [[Millennium Galleries]] and [[York Art Gallery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://my-yorkshire.co.uk/art-galleries/|publisher=My-Yorkshire.co.uk|title=Yorkshire Art Galleries|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digyorkshire.com/Venues.aspx?Menu=2465|title=List of art galleries in Yorkshire |publisher=digyorkshire.com |accessdate=18 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redraggallery.co.uk/counties/Yorkshire-art-galleries.asp|publisher=RedRagGallery.co.uk|title=Yorkshire Art Gallery and Galleries|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> Some of the better known local painters are [[William Etty]] and [[David Hockney]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artchive.com/artchive/H/hockney.html|publisher=Artchive.com|title=David Hockney|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> many works by the latter are housed at [[Salts Mill]] 1853 Gallery in [[Saltaire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitbradford.com/thedms-search.asp?dms=13&campaign=0&feature=1&venue=1580799&easi=true|title=1853 Gallery|work=Visit Bradford |accessdate=28 May 2008}}</ref>

===Sport===
[[File:Sheffield FC.svg|thumb|right|Badge of the world's oldest football club; [[Sheffield F.C.]]]]
Yorkshire has a long tradition in the field of sports, with participation in [[association football|football]], [[rugby league]], [[cricket]] and [[horse racing]] being the most established sporting ventures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/football/Yorkshire-clubs-aim-to-cash.4048332.jp|work=[[Yorkshire Post]]|title=Yorkshire clubs aim to cash in on jackpot|accessdate=3 October 2008|date=3 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshirerugbyleague.co.uk/newsfront.aspx?sectionid=2270 |publisher=YorkshireRugbyLeague.co.uk |title=Rugby League in Yorkshire |accessdate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes }}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="yccc">{{cite web |url=http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/cricket/yorkshire.php|publisher=Napit.co.uk|title=Yorkshire County Cricket Club|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="racing">{{cite book | last = Ellerington | first = Alison | authorlink = | title = The Kiplingcotes Derby | publisher = Hyperion Books  | year = 1989 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-948929-32-8 }}</ref> [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] represents the historic county in the domestic [[first-class cricket|first class]] cricket [[County Championship]]; with a total of 31 championship titles, 13 more than any other county, Yorkshire is the most decorated county cricket club.<ref name="yccc" /> Some of the most highly regarded figures in the game were born in the county<ref name="cricketyorks">{{cite web|url=http://www.dalesview.fsnet.co.uk/cricket/|publisher=Dalesview.co.uk|title=Yorkshire Win County Championship|accessdate=25 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060421081836/http://www.dalesview.fsnet.co.uk/cricket/ |archivedate = 21 April 2006}}</ref> amongst them [[Geoffrey Boycott]], [[Len Hutton]], [[Herbert Sutcliffe]] and [[Fred Trueman]].<ref name="cricketyorks" /> England's oldest horse race, which began in 1519, is run each year at [[Kiplingcotes Derby|Kiplingcotes]] near [[Market Weighton]].<ref name="racing" /> Continuing this tradition in the field of horse racing, there are currently [[:Category:Horse racing venues in Yorkshire|nine established racecourses]] in the county.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://my-yorkshire.co.uk/racecourses/ |publisher=My-Yorkshire.co.uk |title=Yorkshire Racecourses |accessdate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20110716025959/http://my-yorkshire.co.uk/racecourses/ |archivedate=16 July 2011 }}</ref> Britain's oldest organised [[fox hunt]] is the [[Bilsdale]], originally founded in 1668.<ref>
{{cite news
|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/nov/19/hunting.immigrationpolicy
|title = A short history of the foxhunt
|work = guardian.co.uk
|publisher = The Guardian
|date = 19 November 2004
|accessdate = 2 November 2008
| location=London}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/422753.stm
|title = Three centuries of hunting foxes
|work = BBC News Online
|publisher = BBC
|date = 16 September 1999
|accessdate=2 November 2008
}}
</ref> Yorkshire is officially recognised by [[FIFA]] as the birthplace of club [[association football|football]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html|publisher=[[FIFA]]|title=Sheffield FC: 150 years of history|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/insidefifa/news/newsid=622007.html|publisher=[[FIFA]]|title=FIFA marks Sheffield FC's anniversary|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> as [[Sheffield F.C.|Sheffield FC]] founded in 1857 are certified as the oldest association football club in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffieldfc.com/famous_sons.htm |publisher=SheffieldFC.com |title=Famous sons and daughters |accessdate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20070927210342/http://www.sheffieldfc.com/famous_sons.htm |archivedate=27 September 2007 }}</ref> The world's first inter-club match and local derby was competed in the county, at the world's oldest ground [[Sandygate Road]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/southyorkshire/students/a_z/index.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=The Ultimate A-Z of Sheffield|accessdate=25 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070220051324/http://www.bbc.co.uk/southyorkshire/students/a_z/index.shtml |archivedate = 20 February 2007}}</ref> The [[Laws of the Game (association football)|Laws of the Game]] which are now used worldwide were drafted by [[Ebenezer Cobb Morley]] from [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]].<ref name="ffhy">{{cite book  | last = Harvey  | first =Adrian   | title =Football, the First Hundred Years: The Untold Story of the People's Game  | publisher =Routledge |date=January 2005  | url =http://books.google.com/?id=TxoZ0S-GC7MC&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=26+december+1860+sheffield+hallam  | isbn = 0-415-35018-2}}</ref>

Football clubs founded in Yorkshire include [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]], [[Bradford City A.F.C.|Bradford City]], [[Doncaster Rovers F.C.|Doncaster Rovers]], [[Huddersfield Town F.C.|Huddersfield Town]], [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]], [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]], [[Rotherham United]], [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]], [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]] and [[York City F.C.|York City]], four of which have been the [[English football champions|league champions]]. Huddersfield were the first club to win three consecutive league titles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history-timeline.deepthi.com/sports-history-timeline/sports-timeline-1921-1930.html
|title=World Sports History Timeline 1921–1930|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> Middlesbrough F.C. recently came to prominence by reaching the 2006 UEFA Cup Final<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2005/intro.html |title=UEFA Europa League – |publisher=Uefa.com |date= |accessdate=5 August 2011}}</ref> and winning the 2004 League Cup.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/3507795.stm | work=BBC News | title=Boro lift Carling Cup | date=29 February 2004 | accessdate=6 April 2010}}</ref> Leeds United are arguably the biggest team in Yorkshire, reaching the semi finals of the UEFA Champions League in 2001 and having a period of dominance in the 1970s; this position is often paralleled with Sheffield Wednesday who have had similar spells of dominance, most recently in the early 1990s, and also house a comparably large fan-base and prestigious history. Noted players from Yorkshire who have had an impact on the game include [[1966 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]-winning goalkeeper [[Gordon Banks]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifhof.com/hof/banks.asp|publisher=IFHOF.com|title=Gordon Banks |accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> and two time [[European Footballer of the Year]] award winner [[Kevin Keegan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.normanphillips.co.uk/kevin_keegan_bio.htm|publisher=Norman Phillips Organisation|title=Kevin Keegan Biography|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> as well as prominent managers [[Herbert Chapman]], [[Brian Clough]], [[Bill Nicholson (footballer)|Bill Nicholson]], [[George Raynor]] and [[Don Revie]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article2437525.ece|publisher=TimesOnline.co.uk|title=The top 50 managers of all time|accessdate=25 October 2007|date=12 September 2007 | location=London | first=Matt | last=Dickinson}}</ref>

The [[Rugby Football League]] and with it the sport of [[rugby league]] was founded in 1895 at the [[George Hotel, Huddersfield|George Hotel]], [[Huddersfield]], after a [[North-South divide in the United Kingdom|North-South]] [[History of rugby league#The schism in England|schism]] within the [[Rugby Football Union]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/rugby/superleague/history.php|publisher=Napit.co.uk|title=The History Of Rugby League|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> The top league is the engage [[Super League]] and the most decorated Yorkshire clubs are [[Huddersfield Giants]], [[Hull F.C.|Hull FC]], [[Bradford Bulls]], [[Hull Kingston Rovers|Hull KR]], [[Wakefield Trinity Wildcats]], [[Castleford Tigers]] and [[Leeds Rhinos]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rlhalloffame.org.uk/champion.htm|publisher=RLHallofFame.org.uk|title=League Champions|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> In total six Yorkshiremen have been inducted into the [[Rugby Football League Hall of Fame]] amongst them is [[Roger Millward]], [[Jonty Parkin]] and [[Harold Wagstaff]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rlhalloffame.org.uk/hall.htm|publisher=RLHallofFame.org.uk|title=Rugby League Hall of Fame|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> In the area of boxing [[Naseem Hamed|"Prince" Naseem Hamed]] from Sheffield achieved title success and widespread fame,<ref name="princenaz">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/boxing/4765035.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Naseem Hamed profile|accessdate=25 October 2007 | date=12 May 2006}}</ref> in what the [[BBC]] describes as "one of British boxing's most illustrious careers".<ref name="princenaz" /> Along with Leeds-born [[Nicola Adams]] who in 2012 became the first female athlete to win a boxing gold medal at the olympics.<ref>[http://news.sky.com/story/970741/nicola-adams-makes-olympic-boxing-history Nicola Adams Makes Olympic Boxing History] ''[[Sky News]]'', 9 August 2012.</ref> Yorkshire also has an array of [[racecourses]], in North Yorkshire, there are [[Catterick Racecourse|Catterick]], [[Redcar Racecourse|Redcar]], [[Ripon Racecourse|Ripon]], [[Thirsk Racecourse|Thirsk]] and [[York Racecourse|York]] in the East Riding of Yorkshire there is [[Beverley Racecourse|Beverley]], in West Yorkshire there are [[Pontefract Racecourse|Pontefract]] and [[Wetherby Racecourse|Wetherby]], while in South Yorkshire there is [[Doncaster Racecourse|Doncaster]].

The sport of [[Knurr and Spell]] was unique to the region, being one of the most popular sports in the area during the 18th and 19th centuries, before a decline in the 20th century to virtual obscurity.<ref>{{cite episode|series=Countryfile|title=Knurr and Spell|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00yc523#synopsis|network=BBC One|airdate=30 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/bradford/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9379000/9379408.stm|title=Yorkshire game of 'knurr and spell' rediscovered for TV|date=28 January 2011}}</ref><ref name=kirklees>{{cite web|publisher=Kirklees Council|title=Tolson Museum Top Ten - Knurrs, spell and pommel|last=Holland|first=Isobel|date=April 2010|url=http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/leisure/museumsGalleries/tolson/tolsonTopTen.aspx|accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>

A number of athletes from or associated with Yorkshire took part in the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] as members of [[Team GB]]; the ''[[Yorkshire Post]]'' stated that Yorkshire's athletes alone secured more gold medals than those of [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/other-sports/olympics/campbell-is-yorkshire-s-last-action-hero-as-hull-fighter-secures-seventh-gold-for-the-white-rose-1-4827280 | work = Yorkshire Post | title = Campbell is Yorkshire’s last action hero as Hull fighter secures seventh gold for the White Rose  | accessdate = 15 August 2012 | date = 13 August 2012}}</ref>

In 2014 the County hosted the Grande Depart of the Tour de France. Spectator crowds over the two days were estimated to be of the order of 2.5 million people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-28179818|title=Tour de France: Yorkshire stages watched by 2.5m|author=|date=6 July 2014|work=BBC News|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref> The inaugural [[Tour de Yorkshire]] was held from 1–3 May 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29373756|title=Tour de Yorkshire cycle race is confirmed|date=26 September 2014|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref> with start and finishes in [[Bridlington]], [[Leeds]], [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]], [[Selby]], [[Wakefield]] and [[York]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-30574400|title=Tour de Yorkshire bosses reveal start and finish locations|date=22 December 2014|accessdate=7 January 2014|publisher=BBC|work=BBC News}}</ref> watched by 1.2 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tour de Yorkshire: More than 1.2m turn out for cycle race|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-32573339|publisher=BBC |work=BBC News|date=3 May 2015|accessdate=13 May 2015}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
[[File:Roastbeef with yorkshire puddings.jpg|thumb|left|Yorkshire puddings, served as part of a traditional [[Sunday roast]].]]
The traditional cuisine of Yorkshire, in common with the [[North of England]] in general, is known for using rich tasting ingredients, especially with regard to sweet dishes, which were  affordable for the majority of people.<ref name="favyorksrecipe">{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1898435111 |publisher=Amanda Persey|title=Favourite Yorkshire Recipes|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> There are several dishes which originated in Yorkshire or are heavily associated with it.<ref name="favyorksrecipe" /> [[Yorkshire pudding]], a savoury batter dish, is by far the best known of Yorkshire foods, and is eaten throughout England. It is commonly served with [[roast beef]] and [[vegetable]]s to form part of the [[Sunday roast]]<ref name="favyorksrecipe" /> but is traditionally served as a starter dish filled with onion gravy within Yorkshire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inpursuitofperfection.net/uncategorized/the-ultimate-yorkshire-pudding-recipe|publisher=inpursuitofperfection|title=The Ultimate Yorkshire Pudding recipe|accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref> Yorkshire pudding is the base for [[toad in the hole]], a dish containing sausage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://britishfood.about.com/od/regionalenglishrecipes/r/toadinhole.htm|publisher=about.com|title=Individual Toad in the Hole Recipe|accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref>

Other foods associated with the county include: Yorkshire curd tart, a [[curd]] [[tart]] recipe with [[rosewater]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/yorkshire_curd_tart_23874|publisher=BBC|title=Yorkshire curd tart|accessdate=16 November 2014}}</ref> [[Parkin (cake)|Parkin]], a sweet [[gingerbread|ginger cake]] which is different from standard ginger cakes in that it includes [[oatmeal]] and [[treacle]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aboutfood.co.uk/places/yorkshire_guide.html|publisher=AboutFood.com|title= Right good food from the Ridings|accessdate=25 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070607194557/http://www.aboutfood.co.uk/places/yorkshire_guide.html |archivedate = 7 June 2007}}</ref> and [[Wensleydale (cheese)|Wensleydale cheese]], a [[cheese]] made with milk from [[Wensleydale]] and often eaten as an accompaniment to sweet foods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wensleydale.org/pick-of-the-dales/selected.asp?ID=6|publisher=Wensleydale.org|title=Yorkshire Recipes: Ginger Beer|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> The beverage [[ginger beer]], flavoured with [[ginger]], came from Yorkshire and has existed since the mid 18th century. [[Liquorice (confectionery)|Liquorice sweet]] was first created by George Dunhill from [[Pontefract]], who in the 1760s thought to mix the liquorice plant with sugar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/Documents/culture-museums/museums/liquorice-in-pontefract.pdf |publisher=Wakefield Council|title=Liquorice in Pontefract|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> Yorkshire and in particular the city of York played a prominent role in the confectionery industry, with [[chocolate factory|chocolate factories]] owned by companies such as [[Rowntree's]], [[Terry's]] and [[Thorntons]] inventing many of Britain's most popular [[Candy|sweets]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/localnews/Safeguard-for-chocolate-heritage-.3217104.jp |newspaper=Yorkshire Post|title=Safeguard for chocolate heritage|date=20 September 2007| accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.visityork.org/media/factsheets/Chocolate.asp|publisher=VisitYork.org|title=Chocolate is to York what mustard is to Norwich|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> Another traditional Yorkshire food is pikelets which are similar to [[crumpet]]s but much thinner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seymour-recipes.com/recipes/Bread/breadmachine/Yorkshire_pikelets.htm|publisher=Seymour-Recipes.com|title=Yorkshire Pikelets|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref>  The [[Rhubarb Triangle]] is a location within Yorkshire which supplies most of the rhubarb to locals.

In recent years curries have become popular in the county largely due to the immigration and successful integration of Asian families. There are many famous curry empires with their origins in Yorkshire including the 850-seater Aakash restaurant in [[Cleckheaton]] which has been described as "the world's largest curry house".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/New-owner-for-world39s-largest.1833967.jp|title=New owner for world's largest curry house|last=Roberts|first=John|date=20 October 2006|work=Yorkshire Post|accessdate=22 March 2009}}</ref>

===Beer and brewing===
Yorkshire has a number of breweries including [[Black Sheep Brewery|Black Sheep]], [[Copper Dragon Brewery|Copper Dragon]], [[Cropton Brewery]], [[John Smith's]], [[Sam Smith's]], [[Kelham Island Brewery]], [[Theakston (brewer)|Theakstons]], [[Timothy Taylor Brewery|Timothy Taylor]], [[Wharfedale Brewery]] and [[Leeds Brewery]].<ref name=quaffale>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/county/S59
|title=Breweries In The Historic County of Yorkshire
|publisher=www.quaffale.org.uk
|accessdate=3 May 2009
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref><ref name=leedsbrewery>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.leedsbrewery.co.uk/about/
|title=About Leeds Brewery
|publisher=www.leedsbrewery.co.uk
|accessdate=7 August 2012
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
The [[beer style]] most associated with the county is [[Bitter (beer)|bitter]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.sallyhoward.net/article.php?id=24&category=food
|title=Yorkshire Beer Guide - Sally Howard freelance writer
|publisher=www.sallyhoward.net
|accessdate=3 May 2009
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> As elsewhere in the North of England, when served through a [[Beer engine|handpump]], a sparkler is used giving a tighter, more solid head.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.roosters.co.uk/faq.htm
|title=Roosters brewery - Frequently asked questions
|publisher=www.roosters.co.uk
|accessdate=3 May 2009
|last=
|first=
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080612055702/http://www.roosters.co.uk/faq.htm |archivedate = 12 June 2008}}
</ref>

Brewing has taken place on a large scale since at least the 12th century, for example at the now derelict [[Fountains Abbey]] which at its height produced 60 barrels of strong ale every ten days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beer-pages.com/protz/features/st-albans-abbey-beer.htm |title=beer, by holy orders - St Albans Ale |publisher=Beer-pages.com |date= |accessdate=5 August 2011}}</ref>  Most current Yorkshire breweries date from the [[Industrial Revolution]] of the late 18th and early 19th century.<ref name=quaffale/>

===Music and film===
[[File:Kate Rusby live.jpg|thumb|right|Kate Rusby on stage 2005]]
Yorkshire has a heritage of folk music and folk dance including the [[Long Sword dance]].<ref>{{cite book|first=C. J. |last=Sharp|title=Sword Dances of Northern England Together with the Horn Dance of Abbots Bromley |publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year= 2003}}</ref> Yorkshire folk song was distinguished by the use of dialect, particularly in the West Riding and exemplified by the song '[[On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at]]', probably written in the late 19th century, using a Kent folk tune (almost certainly  borrowed via a [[Methodist]] [[hymnal]]),{{CN|date=July 2015}} seen as an unofficial Yorkshire anthem.<ref>{{cite book|first=A. |last=Kellett |title=On Ilkla Mooar baht 'at: the Story of the Song|publisher=Smith Settle|year= 1988}}</ref> Famous folk performers from the county include the [[Watersons]] from [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], who began recording Yorkshire versions of folk songs from 1965;<ref name="Nidel2005">{{cite book|first=R. |last=Nidel |title=World Music: The Basics|location= London|publisher= Routledge|year= 2005|page= 90}}</ref> Heather Wood (born 1945) of the [[Young Tradition]]; the short-lived electric folk group [[Mr Fox]] (1970–72), [[The Deighton Family]]; [[Julie Matthews]]; [[Kathryn Roberts]]; and [[Kate Rusby]].<ref name="Nidel2005"/> Yorkshire has a flourishing folk music culture, with over forty [[folk clubs]] and thirty annual [[folk festival|folk music festivals]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Folk and Roots'|url=http://www.folkandroots.co.uk/Venues_Yorkshire.html|title=Yorkshire based Artists and Groups|accessdate= 15 December 2012}}</ref> The 1982 [[Eurovision Song Contest 1982|Eurovision Song Contest]] was held in the [[Harrogate International Centre]]. In 2007 the Yorkshire Garland Group was formed to make Yorkshire folk songs accessible online and in schools.<ref>{{cite news|title=Folk songs of traditional Yorkshire to be celebrated on group's heritage website|work=Yorkshire Post|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/video/Folk-songs-of-traditional-Yorkshire.3166419.jp|date=1 September 2007 |accessdate=12 February 2009}}</ref>

In the field of classical music, Yorkshire has produced some major and minor composers, including [[Frederick Delius]], [[George Dyson (composer)|George Dyson]], [[Edward Bairstow]], William Baines, [[Kenneth Leighton]], [[Eric Fenby]], [[Haydn Wood]], [[Arthur Wood (composer)|Arthur Wood]], [[Arnold Cooke]], [[Gavin Bryars]], and in the area of TV, film and radio music, [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]] and [[Wally Stott]].

The county is home to successful brass bands such as [[Black Dyke Band|Black Dyke]], [[Brighouse and Rastrick Brass Band|Brighouse & Rastrick]], [[Carlton Main Frickley Colliery Band|Carlton Main Frickley]], [[Hammonds Saltaire Band|Hammonds Saltaire]], and [[Yorkshire Imperial Band|Yorkshire Imperial]]. 

[[File:Arctic Monkeys Orange RF07.jpg|thumb|left|[[Arctic Monkeys]] performing on Orange stage at Roskilde Festival in 2007]]
During the 1970s [[David Bowie]], himself of a father from [[Tadcaster]] in [[North Yorkshire]],<ref>{{cite episode|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0670006/ |title=Episode for 29 November 2003|series=[[Parkinson (TV series)]]|accessdate=29 November 2003}}</ref> hired three musicians from [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Mick Ronson]], [[Trevor Bolder]] and [[Mick Woodmansey]]; together they recorded ''[[The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars|Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars]]'', an album considered by a magazine article as one of a 100 greatest and most influential of all time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/2006/100albums/index.html|publisher=Time.com|title=The All-TIME 100 Albums|accessdate=25 October 2007|date=2 November 2006}}</ref> In the following decade, [[Def Leppard]], from [[Sheffield]], achieved worldwide fame, particularly in America. Their 1983 album ''[[Pyromania (album)|Pyromania]]'' and 1987 album [[Hysteria (Def Leppard album)|Hysteria]]'' are among the most successful albums of all time.{{cn|date=July 2015}} Yorkshire had a very strong [[post-punk]] scene which went on to achieve widespread acclaim and success, including; [[The Sisters of Mercy]], [[The Cult]], [[Vardis]], [[Gang of Four (band)|Gang of Four]], [[ABC (band)|ABC]], [[The Human League]], [[New Model Army (band)|New Model Army]], [[Soft Cell]], [[Chumbawamba]], [[The Wedding Present]] and [[The Mission (band)|The Mission]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/music/raw_talent/gods/2004.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=Will the gods come from Leeds?|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]] from Sheffield had a massive hit in "[[Common People (song)|Common People]]" during 1995; the song focuses on [[working-class]] northern life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/commonpeople.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=Common People|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> In 21st century, [[indie rock]] and [[post-punk revival]] bands from the area gained popularity, including the [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[The Cribs]] and the [[Arctic Monkeys]], the last-named holding the record for the fastest-selling debut album in British music history with ''[[Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not]]''.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[BBC News Online]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5315452.stm|title=Arctic Monkeys win Mercury Prize|accessdate=25 October 2007|date=5 September 2006}}</ref>
Among prominent British television shows filmed in (and based on) Yorkshire are the [[sitcom]] ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'', the drama series ''[[Heartbeat (UK TV series)|Heartbeat]]'', and the [[soap operas]] ''[[Emmerdale]]'' and ''[[Downton Abbey]]''. ''Last of the Summer Wine'' in particular is noted for holding the record of longest-running comedy series in the world, from 1973 until 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.summer-wine.com/story.htm|publisher=Summer-Wine.com|title=Summer Wine - The Story|accessdate=3 October 2008}}</ref>  Other notable television series set in Yorkshire include ''[[All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)|All Creatures Great and Small]]'', ''[[The Beiderbecke Trilogy]]'', ''[[Rising Damp]]'', ''[[Fat Friends]]'' and ''[[The Royal]]''. Several noted films are set in Yorkshire, including ''[[Kes (film)|Kes]]'', ''[[This Sporting Life]]'', ''[[Room at the Top (1959 film)|Room at the Top]]'', ''[[Brassed Off]]'', ''[[Mischief Night (film)|Mischief Night]]'', ''[[Rita, Sue and Bob Too]]'' and ''[[Calendar Girls]]''. ''[[The Full Monty]]'',  a comedy film set in Sheffield, won an [[Academy Award]] and was voted the second best British film of all time by [[Asian News International|ANI]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/070724/139/6iho5.html|publisher=Yahoo.com|title=Monty Python's 'Life of Brian' tops Best British Movie list|accessdate=25 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080105090427/http://in.news.yahoo.com/070724/139/6iho5.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 5 January 2008}}</ref>

==Governance==

===Politics===
{{Main|Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|High Sheriff of Yorkshire|Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire|History of local government in Yorkshire}}
[[File:Wilberforce john rising.jpg|thumb|[[William Wilberforce]], leading [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionist]], was the [[Member of Parliament for Yorkshire|MP for Yorkshire]] in 1784–1812.]]
From 1290, Yorkshire was represented by two [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of England]]. After the union with Scotland two members represented the county in the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] from 1707 to 1800 and of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] from 1801 to 1832. In 1832 the county benefited from the disfranchisement of [[Grampound (UK Parliament constituency)|Grampound]] by taking an additional two members.<ref name="mps">{{cite web |url=http://www.election.demon.co.uk/prereform.html|publisher=Election. Demon.co.uk|title=Parliamentary Constituencies in the unreformed House|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> [[Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Yorkshire]] was represented at this time as one single, large,  [[United Kingdom constituencies|county constituency]].<ref name="mps" /> Like other counties, there were also some [[county borough]]s within Yorkshire, the oldest of which was the [[City of York (UK Parliament constituency)|City of York]], which had existed since the ancient [[De Montfort's Parliament]] of 1265. After the [[Reform Act 1832]], Yorkshire's political representation in parliament was drawn from its subdivisions, with Members of Parliament representing each of the three historic Ridings of Yorkshire; [[East Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|East Riding]], [[North Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North Riding]], and [[West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|West Riding]] constituencies.<ref name="mps" />

For the [[United Kingdom general election, 1865|1865 general elections]] and onwards, the West Riding was further divided into [[Northern West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Northern]], [[Eastern West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Eastern]] and [[Southern West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Southern]] parliamentary constituencies, though these only lasted until the major [[Redistribution of Seats Act 1885]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision/820.html|publisher=Revision-Notes.co.uk|title= 1885 Redistribution Act|accessdate=25 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071012082430/http://www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision/820.html |archivedate = 12 October 2007}}</ref> This act saw more localisation of government in the United Kingdom, with the introduction of 26 [[List of UK Parliamentary constituencies (1885-1918)|new parliamentary constituencies]] within Yorkshire, while the [[Local Government Act 1888]] introduced some reforms for the [[county borough]]s, of which there were eight in Yorkshire by the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1888/cukpga_18880041_en_1|publisher=OPSI.gov.uk|title=Local Government Act 1888|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref>

With the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]] there was some reshuffling on a local level for the [[United Kingdom general election, 1918|1918 general election]], revised again during the [[List of UK Parliamentary constituencies (1955-1974)|1950s]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/images/historical/1918representation.cfm|publisher=Parliament.co.uk|title=Representation of the People Act 1918|accessdate=25 October 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070311003222/http://www.parliament.uk/about/images/historical/1918representation.cfm |archivedate = 11 March 2007}}</ref>  The most controversial [[History of local government in Yorkshire|reorganisation of local government in Yorkshire]] was the [[Local Government Act 1972]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=58&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=2431824&activetextdocid=2432047|publisher=StatuteLaw.gov.uk|title=Local Government Act 1972|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> put into practice in 1974. Under the act, the Ridings lost their lieutenancies, shrievalties, and administrative counties. County boroughs and their councils were abolished, to be replaced by [[metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England|metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties]] with vastly changed borders.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Although some government officials<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aroundsaddleworth.co.uk/Old-Website/White_rose_red3.htm|publisher=AroundSaddleworth.co.uk|title=White Rose or Red|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> and [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/9-23-2004-59624.asp|publisher=''[[Guardian Unlimited]]''|title=Elsewhere (reprint of original article)|date=23 September 2004}}</ref> have asserted such reform is not meant to alter the ancient boundaries or cultural loyalties, there are pressure groups such as the [[Yorkshire Ridings Society]] who want greater recognition for the historic boundaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshireridings.org/news/the-yorkshire-ridings.html|publisher=[[Yorkshire Ridings Society]]|title=About|accessdate=3 June 2009}}</ref> In 1996 the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]] was reformed as a [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authority area]] and a [[ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial county]]. The [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] region of [[Government Office|government office]] covers most, but not all of the [[Historic counties of England|historic]] county. [[Yorkshire and the Humber (European Parliament constituency)|Yorkshire and the Humber]] is a constituency for European elections, returning six MEPs to the European Parliament.

===Monarchy and peerage===
{{Main|Kings of Jórvík|Earl of York|Duke of York|House of York}}
[[File:TheSingleWhiteRose.jpg|thumb|The [[White Rose of York]] remains as the prime symbol of Yorkshire identity]]

When the territory of Yorkshire began to take shape as a result of the invasion of the [[Denmark|Danish]] [[viking]]s, they instituted a [[Kings of Jórvík|monarchy]]  based at the settlement of Jórvík, York.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/rulers_of_jorvik.html|publisher=Viking.no|title=The Rulers of Jorvik (York)|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> The reign of the Viking kings came to an end with the last king [[Eric Bloodaxe]] dying in battle in 954 after the invasion and conquest by the [[Kingdom of England]] from the south. Jórvík was the last of the [[Independence|independent]] kingdoms to be taken to form part of the Kingdom of England and thus the local monarchal title became defunct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/jorvik_who_ruled_it_and_when.html|publisher=Viking.no|title=Jorvik - who Ruled it and When?|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref>

Though the monarchal title became defunct, it was succeeded by the creation of the [[Earl of York]] title of nobility<ref name="northeasthiss">{{cite web |url=http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/page24.htm|publisher=NorthEastEngland.talktalk.net|title=Timeline of North East History|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> by king of England [[Edgar the Peaceful]] in 960.(The [[earl]]dom covered the general area of Yorkshire and is sometimes referred to as the ''Earl of Yorkshire'')<ref name="northeasthiss"/> The title passed through the hands of various nobles, decided upon by the current king of England. The last man to hold the title was [[William le Gros, 1st Earl of Albemarle|William le Gros]], however the earldom was abolished by [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] as a result of a troubled period known as ''[[The Anarchy]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sqa.org.uk/files_ccc/03miHistoryInt2.pdf|publisher=SQA.org.uk|title=Murder in the Cathedral: Crown, Church and People 1154-1173|accessdate=24 October 2007|format=PDF}}</ref>

The peerage was recreated by [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] in 1385, this time in the form of the prestigious title of [[Duke of York]] which he gave to his son [[Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York|Edmund of Langley]]. Edmund founded the [[House of York]]; later the title would be merged with that of the [[King of England]]. Much of the modern-day symbolism of Yorkshire, such as the [[White Rose of York]], is derived from the Yorkists,<ref name="whiterosehistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshirehistory.com/yorkshirerose.htm|publisher=YorkshireHistory.com|title=The White Rose of Yorkshire|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> giving the house a special affinity within the [[culture of Yorkshire]]. Especially celebrated is the Yorkist king [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] who spent much of his life at [[Middleham Castle]] in Yorkshire.<ref name="middleham" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richardiiiyorkshire.co.uk/|publisher=Richard III Society - Yorkshire Branch|title=Why a Yorkshire Branch Site?|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref> Since that time the title has passed through the hands of many, being merged with the crown and then recreated several times. The title of Duke of York is given to the second son of the [[British monarch]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukdukes.co.uk/the_dukes/the_duke_of_york/|publisher=UKDukes.co.uk|title=The Dukes of the Peerage of the United Kingdom: Duke of York|accessdate=24 October 2007}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Yorkshire}}

==See also==
{{div col||30em}}
* [[Outline of England]]
* [[List of collieries in Yorkshire 1984-present with dates of closure]]
* [[List of Commissioners' churches in Yorkshire]]
* [[List of Jewish communities in the United Kingdom#Yorkshire|List of Jewish communities in Yorkshire]]
* [[Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire]]
* [[Yorkshire Ambulance Service]]
* [[Yorkshire and the Humber]]
* [[Yorkshire Forward]]
* [[Yorkshire Pudding]]
* [[Yorkshire Regiment]]
* [[Yorkshire Society]]
* [[Yorkshire Terrier]]
* [[Yorkshire Wolds]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal bar|Geography|<!-- Eurasia -->|Europe|<!-- Western Europe -->|<!-- Northern Europe -->|United Kingdom|England|Yorkshire}}

==Notes==
: {{note label|wars|a|a}} Though the [[Wars of the Roses]] were fought between royal houses bearing the names of York and Lancaster, the wars took place over a wide area of England. They were a dynastic clash between cadet branches of the [[House of Plantagenet]]. The most prominent family in Yorkshire, below the monarchy, the Nevilles of [[Sheriff Hutton]] and [[Middleham]], fought for the Yorkists, as did the Scropes of [[Bolton, East Riding of Yorkshire|Bolton]], the Latimers of [[Danby, North Yorkshire|Danby]] and [[Snape, North Yorkshire|Snape]], as well as the Mowbrays of [[Thirsk]] and [[Burton in Lonsdale]]. Yet some fought for the Lancastrians, such as the Percies, the Cliffords of [[Skipton]], Ros of [[Helmsley]], Greystock of Henderskelfe, Stafford of [[Holderness]], and Talbot of [[Sheffield]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Yorkshire}}
* [http://www.britannia.com/history/yorkshire/ The History of Yorkshire]
* [http://www.yorkshire-dialect.org/ Samples of Yorkshire Dialect]
* [http://www.theoriginalrecord.com/database/search/decade/127 Yorkshire Inquisitions 1275–1295]
* [http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ Yorkshire]: historical and genealogical information at [[GENUKI]]

{{Yorkshire}}
{{England counties/1889}}

{{Coord|54|N|2|W|display=title|region:GB_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Yorkshire| ]]
[[Category:Counties of England established in antiquity]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]