|
|
| 行1: |
行1: |
| − | ==記事名==
| + | [[カンバーランド]] |
| − | *論文検索
| + | |
| − | :*カトゥヴェラウニ 0
| + | |
| − | :*カトゥウェラウニ 1（桃山学院大学キリスト教論集）
| + | |
| − | :*カトゥウェッラウニ 1（實踐英文學）
| + | |
| − | :*カトゥエラニ 0
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | *Google大先生
| + | |
| − | :*カトゥヴェラウニ 284
| + | |
| − | :*カトゥウェラウニ 25
| + | |
| − | ::*もしかして カトゥラウニ 0
| + | |
| − | :*カトゥウェッラウニ 133
| + | |
| − | :*カトゥエラニ 92
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | *国会図書館
| + | |
| − | :*カトゥヴェラウニ 0
| + | |
| − | :*カトゥウェラウニ 0
| + | |
| − | :*カトゥウェッラウニ 0
| + | |
| − | :*カトゥエラニ 0
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==本文==
| + | |
| − | [[:en:Catuvellauni]](oldid=725292487) | + | |
| − | {Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
| + | |
| − | {Use British English|date=October 2013}}
| + | |
| − | {{Infobox Celts of England
| + | |
| − | |Name = Catuvellauni
| + | |
| − | |fullname = Catuvellauni
| + | |
| − | |map = [[File:Map of the Territory of the Catuvellauni.svg|220px|Territory of the Catuvellauni]]
| + | |
| − | |name = Catuvellauni
| + | |
| − | |capital = ''[[Verulamium]]'' <small>([[St. Albans]])</small>
| + | |
| − | |location = South East England
| + | |
| − | |rulers = [[Tasciovanus]]<br>[[Cunobelinus]]<br>[[Caratacus]]<br>[[Togodumnus]]<br>[[Epaticcus]]
| + | |
| − | }}
| + | |
| − | [[File:Celtic gold stater Catuvellauni Tasciovanus.jpg|thumb|330px|Catuvellauni, [[Tasciovanus]], "Hidden Faces" gold [[stater]].
| + | |
| − | <br />Obv: stylized crescents and wreaths with hidden faces.
| + | |
| − | <br />Rev: Celtic warrior on horse right, carrying [[carnyx]].]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''カトゥエラニ族'''(Catuvellauni)はケルト人の一部族である。ローマ人が征服する前の古代[[グレートブリテン島]]の住人であり、4世紀の石碑によってその名が残されている。
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | The '''Catuvellauni''' were a Celtic tribe or state of south-eastern [[Prehistoric Britain|Britain]] before the [[Roman conquest of Britain|Roman conquest]], attested by inscriptions into the 4th century.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | カトゥエラニ族とその王の財力は、彼らが貨幣を鋳造していたことから推測されるものの、同時代的な史料は乏しい。2世紀から3世紀にかけて『ローマ史』を記した[[カッシウス・ディオ]]は、西暦43年から始まったローマによる[[ブリタンニア]]征服に抵抗した、とほのめかしている。また、2世紀の[[クラウディオス・プトレマイオス|プトレマイオス]]は『地理学(''Geography'')』の中で、ローマ人が「[[キウィタス]]」と呼んだ小都市国家の一つとしてカトゥエラニ族の名を挙げ、彼らがウェルラミウム([[:en:Verlamion|Verlamion]])（現在の[[セント・オールバンズ]]）とその周辺地域（現在の[[ハートフォードシャー]]、[[ベッドフォードシャー]]、[[ケンブリッジシャー]]の南部）を支配していたと記している。
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | The fortunes of the Catuvellauni and their kings before the conquest can be traced through [[numismatic]] evidence and scattered references in classical histories. They are mentioned by [[Dio Cassius]], who implies that they led the resistance against the conquest in AD 43. They appear as one of the ''[[civitas|civitates]]'' of [[Roman Britain]] in [[Ptolemy]]'s ''Geography'' in the 2nd century, occupying the town of [[Verlamion]] (modern [[St Albans]]) and the surrounding areas of [[Hertfordshire]], [[Bedfordshire]] and southern [[Cambridgeshire]].
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | カトゥエラニ族の勢力範囲は、北の[[イケニ族]]・[[:en:Corieltauvi|Corieltauvi族]]、東の[[トリノヴァンテス族]]、西の[[ドブンニ族]]([[:en:Dobunni|Dobunni]])・[[:en:Atrebates#The Atrebates in Britain|Atrebates族]]、南の[[:en:Regnenses|Regnenses族]]・[[:en:Cantiaci|Cantiaci族]]と接していた。
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Their territory was bordered to the north by the [[Iceni]] and [[Corieltauvi]], to the east by the [[Trinovantes]], to the west by the [[Dobunni]] and [[Atrebates#The Atrebates in Britain|Atrebates]], and to the south by the [[Regnenses]] and [[Cantiaci]].
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==ローマ以前==
| + | |
| − | カトゥエラニ族は考古学歴な観点から、イングランド南部のアイルズフォード・スワリング土器文化([[:en:Aylesford-Swarling pottery|Aylesford-Swarling]])に分類される。彼らは[[ベルガエ人]]らと交易しており、交易相手のなかには[[ガイウス・ユリウス・カエサル|ユリウス・カエサル]]が『[[ガリア戦記]]』で触れた「Belgic族」も含まれている可能性がある。アメリカの歴史学者[[:en:John T. Koch|John T. Koch]]の推測によれば、[[カタラウヌムの戦い]]が行なわれた「カタラウヌム」（現在は[[シャロン＝アン＝シャンパーニュ]]）という地名はもともとそこに住んでいたカトゥエラニ族の名前のもとになっており、[[ケルト語派|古いケルト語]]の「''katu-''」（意味は「戦い」）＋「''wer-lo''」（意味は「秀でた」）に由来し、「戦いで活躍した」を意味する<ref name="Koch">John T. Koch (ed.) ''Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia'', Vol. I, p.357</ref>。これは後世にブリタンニア人や[[ウェールズ]]人にみられる「カドワロン([[:en:Cadwallon (disambiguation)|Cadwallon]])」という人名と同じ語源である<ref name="Koch"/>。
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | The Catuvellauni are part of the [[Aylesford-Swarling pottery|Aylesford-Swarling]] archaeological group in Southern England often linked to [[Gallia Belgica|Belgic Gaul]] and possibly to an actual Belgic conquest of the region alluded to by Caesar. [[John T. Koch]] conjectures that the [[Battle of the Catalaunian Plains]] and the modern name of [[Châlons-en-Champagne]].<ref name="Koch">John T. Koch (ed.) ''Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia'', Vol. I, p.357</ref> preserves the name of an original continental tribe of Catuvellauni, a name he derives from a compound of the ancient Celtic roots *''katu-'' ("battle") and *''wer-lo'' ("better"), thus meaning "excelling in battle", the same source as that of the later British and Breton personal name [[Cadwallon (disambiguation)|Cadwallon]].<ref name="Koch"/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | [[Cassivellaunus]], who led the resistance to [[Julius Caesar]]'s first expedition to Britain in 54 BC, is often taken to have belonged to the Catuvellauni. His tribal background is not mentioned by Caesar, but his territory, north of the [[River Thames|Thames]] and to the west of the [[Trinovantes]], corresponds to that later occupied by the Catuvellauni. The extensive earthworks at [[Devil's Dyke, Hertfordshire|Devil's Dyke]] near [[Wheathampstead]], [[Hertfordshire]] are thought to have been the tribe's original capital.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | [[File:Tasciovanus.jpg|thumb|left|Coin of [[Tasciovanus]], king of the Catuvellauni.]]
| + | |
| − | [[Tasciovanus]] was the first king to mint [[currency|coins]] at [[Verlamion]], beginning ca 20 BC. He appears to have expanded his power at the expense of the Trinovantes to the east, as some of his coins, ca 15–10 BC, were minted in their capital [[Camulodunum]] (modern [[Colchester]]). This advance was given up, possibly under pressure from [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], and a later series of coins were again minted at Verulamium.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | [[File:England Celtic tribes - South.png|thumb|right|200px|The Celtic tribes of Southern Britain showing the Catuvellauni and their neighbours.]]
| + | |
| − | [[File:Epaticcus.jpg|thumb|Coins of [[Epaticcus]], king of the Catuvellauni.]]
| + | |
| − | However, Camulodunum was retaken, either by Tasciovanus or by his son [[Cunobelinus]], who succeeded him ca AD 9 and ruled for about 30 years. Little is known of Cunobelinus's life, but his name survived into British legend, culminating in [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Cymbeline]]''. [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] says he was brought up at the court of [[Caesar Augustus|Augustus]] and willingly paid tribute to Rome. Archaeology indicates increased trading and diplomatic links with the [[Roman Empire]]. Under Cunobelinus and his family, the Catuvellauni appear to have become the dominant power in south-eastern Britain. His brother [[Epaticcus]] gained territory to the south and west at the expense of the [[Atrebates]] until his death ca AD 35. The grave of the "[[Druid of Colchester]]" dates to this period, providing evidence of medical practices and technology within the Catuvellauni tribe.<ref>''Games Britannia - 1. Dicing with Destiny'', [[BBC Four]], 1:05am Tuesday 8 December 2009</ref>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Three sons of Cunobelinus are known to history. [[Adminius]], whose power-base appears from his coins to have been in [[Kent]], was exiled by his father shortly before AD 40 according to [[Lives of the Twelve Caesars|Suetonius]], prompting the [[Roman emperor|emperor]] [[Caligula]] to mount his abortive invasion of Britain. Two other sons, [[Togodumnus]] and [[Caratacus]], are named by Dio Cassius. No coins of Togodumnus are known, but Caratacus's rare coins suggest that he followed his uncle Epaticcus in completing the conquest of the lands of the Atrebates. It was the exile of the Atrebatic king, [[Verica]], that prompted [[Claudius]] to launch a successful invasion, led by [[Aulus Plautius]], in AD 43.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Dio tells us that, by this stage, Cunobelinus was dead, and Togodumnus and Caratacus led the initial resistance to the invasion in Kent. They were defeated by Plautius in two crucial battles on the rivers [[River Medway|Medway]] (see [[Battle of the Medway]]) and [[River Thames|Thames]]. He also tells us that the Bodunni, a tribe or kingdom who were tributary to the Catuvellauni, switched sides. This may be a misspelling of the [[Dobunni]], who lived in [[Gloucestershire]], and may give an indication of how far Catuvellaunian power extended. Togodumnus died shortly after the battle on the Thames. Plautius halted and sent word for the emperor to join him, and Claudius led the final advance to Camulodunum. The territories of the Catuvellauni became the nucleus of the new [[Roman province]].
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==Under Roman rule==
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Caratacus, however, had survived, and continued to lead the resistance to the invaders. We next hear of him in [[Tacitus]]'s ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'', leading the [[Silures]] and [[Ordovices]] in what is now [[Wales]] against the [[Roman governors of Britain|Roman governor]] [[Publius Ostorius Scapula]]. Ostorius defeated him in a set-piece battle somewhere in Ordovician territory (see [[Battle of Caer Caradoc]]) in AD 51, capturing members of his family, but Caratacus again escaped. He fled north to the [[Brigantes]], but their queen, [[Cartimandua]], was loyal to the Romans and handed him over in chains.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Caratacus was exhibited as a war-prize as part of a [[Roman triumph|triumphal parade]] in Rome. He was allowed to make a speech to the [[Roman Senate|Senate]], and made such an impression that he and his family were freed and allowed to live in peace in Rome.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | [[Verulamium]], the Roman settlement near Verlamion, gained the status of ''[[municipium]]'' ca 50, allowing its leading magistrates to become [[Roman citizen]]s. It was destroyed in the rebellion of [[Boudica]] in 60 or 61, but was soon rebuilt. Its [[Forum (Roman)|forum]] and [[basilica]] were completed in 79 or 81, and were dedicated in an [[Verulamium Forum inscription|inscription]] by the governor, [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola]], to the emperor [[Titus]]. Its theatre, the first [[Roman theatre (structure)|Roman theatre]] in Britain, was built ca 140.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | An inscription records that the ''civitas'' of the Catuvellauni were involved in the reconstruction of [[Hadrian's Wall]], probably in the time of [[Septimius Severus]] in the early 3rd century. [[Saint Alban]], the first British [[Christian]] [[martyr]], was a citizen of Verulamium in the late 3rd or early 4th century, and was killed there. The city took its modern name from him. The tombstone of a woman of the Catuvellauni called Regina, freedwoman and wife of Barates, a soldier from [[Palmyra]] in [[Syria]], was found in the 4th-century Roman fort of [[Arbeia]] in [[South Shields]] in the north-east of England.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==List of leaders of the Catuvellauni{{anchor|Rulers}}==
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | #[[Cassivellaunus]], a military leader and possibly chieftain, often associated with the Catuvellauni c. 54 BC
| + | |
| − | #[[Tasciovanus]], c. 20 BC – AD 9
| + | |
| − | #[[Cunobelinus]], AD 9 – AD 40
| + | |
| − | #[[Togodumnus]]
| + | |
| − | #[[Caratacus]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==See also==
| + | |
| − | * [[List of Celtic tribes]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==References==
| + | |
| − | {{reflist}}
| + | |
| − | *[[Julius Caesar]], ''[[De Bello Gallico]]''
| + | |
| − | *[[Tacitus]], ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]''
| + | |
| − | *[[Lives of the Twelve Caesars|Suetonius]], ''Lives of the Twelve Caesars''
| + | |
| − | *[[Dio Cassius]], ''Roman History''
| + | |
| − | *[[Ptolemy]], ''Geography''
| + | |
| − | *[[Geoffrey of Monmouth]], ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]''
| + | |
| − | *Sheppard Frere (1998), ''Britannia: a History of Roman Britain'', Pimlico
| + | |
| − | *John Creighton (2000), ''Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain'', Cambridge University Press
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==External links==
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | *[http://www.roman-britain.org/tribes/catuvellauni.htm Catuvellauni] at [http://www.roman-britain.org Roman Britain.org]
| + | |
| − | *[http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/clb_tribe_catuvellauni.htm Catuvellauni] at [http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/ Romans in Britain]
| + | |
| − | *[http://www.verulamium.com/ Verulamium Roman Town]
| + | |
| − | *[http://www.romantheatre.co.uk/ The Roman Theatre of Verulamium]
| + | |
| − | {Iron Age tribes in Britain}}
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | {coord|51.7800|N|0.0600|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | [Category:Celtic Britons]]
| + | |
| − | [Category:Roman Colchester]]
| + | |
